Jump to content

Benin City

Coordinates: 6°20′00″N 5°37′20″E / 6.33333°N 5.62222°E / 6.33333; 5.62222
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Benin city)
Not to be confused with List of cities in Benin.

Benin City
City
Benin
Aerial view of Benin City
Aerial view of Benin City
Official seal of Benin City
Seal
Benin City is located in Nigeria
Benin City
Benin City
Location in Nigeria
Coordinates: 6°20′00″N 5°37′20″E / 6.33333°N 5.62222°E / 6.33333; 5.62222
Country Nigeria
State Edo
Area
 • Total
1,204 km2 (465 sq mi)
Population
 (2016[citation needed])
 • Total
1,496,000
 • Rank4th
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
GDP (PPP, 2015 int. Dollar)
 • Year2023
 • Total$16.6 billion[1]
 • Per capita$8,700
ClimateAw

Benin City serves as the capital and largest metropolitan centre of Edo State, situated in southern Nigeria.[3] Notably, it ranks as the fourth-most populous city in Nigeria, according to the 2006 national census, preceded only by Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan.[2]

Geography

[edit]

Benin City is located in close proximity to the Benin River, situated approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the north, whilst its eastern perimeter lies 320 kilometres (200 mi) from Lagos via the arterial road network.[4] The city's municipal boundaries converge with those of several prominent neighbouring towns in southern Nigeria, notably Agbor, Oghara, and Ekpoma.[citation needed]

Agriculture

[edit]

Benin City boasts an exceptionally fertile agricultural landscape and serves as the epicentre of Nigeria's thriving rubber industry.[5] Additionally, the production of palm oil constitutes a substantial sector, further underscoring the city's prominence in Nigeria's agricultural economy.[6]

Trade

[edit]

The city of Benin served as the paramount settlement of the Edo Kingdom of Benin, a pre-colonial polity that flourished from the 13th to the 19th century. During its final centuries, the kingdom maintained significant trade relations with Portugal, prior to being captured, sacked, and razed in 1897 by a British punitive expedition. This expedition resulted in the looting of numerous bronze sculptures from the Benin City palace, collectively referred to as the Benin Bronzes. Subsequent to their punitive victory, the British gradually colonized the area, eventually incorporating the region into Colonial Nigeria.[7]

The indigenous inhabitants of Benin City are the Edo people, also referred to as the Benin people, who communicate in the Edo language, also known as the Bini language. The city's populace boasts one of the richest dress cultures on the African continent, renowned for their elaborate adornments, including beads symbolizing royalty, body marks, bangles, anklets, and intricate raffia work. Additionally, the people of Benin City engage in subsistence farming, primarily cultivating yams, plantains, and cassava.[8]

History

[edit]

Edo people

[edit]

The Origins of the Ẹdo Empire

According to tradition, the original inhabitants and founders of the Ẹdo Empire and the Edo people were ruled by the kings known as the Ogiso dynasty, who referred to the land as Igodomigodo.[9] The first Ogiso, Igodo, wielded significant influence and gained popularity as a benevolent ruler. He died after a protracted reign and was succeeded by Ere, his eldest son.

A Succession Crisis and the Rise of Oduduwa

A battle for power soon erupted between the wife of the last Ogiso and Prince Ekaladerhan, son of the last Ogiso. Prince Ekaladerhan was falsely accused by his father's wife and sentenced to death. However, the men sent to execute him released him at Ughoton. The exiled prince made his way to Ile-Ife, where he changed his name to Izoduwa, meaning "I have found prosperity".[10]

The Search for Prince Ekaladerhan and the Founding of the Oba Dynasty

During this period of confusion in Benin, the elders, led by Chief Oliha, mounted a search for the banished Prince Ekaladerhan – whom the Ife people now called Oduduwa.[11] The exiled Ekaladerhan, now Oduduwa, refused to return to Benin due to the circumstances of his departure. Instead, he sent his son, Ọranmiyan, to become king in his place.[12]

Prince Ọranmiyan took up residence in the palace built for him at Uzama by the elders, now a coronation shrine. Soon after, he married a beautiful lady, Ẹrinmwide, daughter of Osa-nego, the ninth Enogie of Egor.[13] He and Erinmwide had a son. After some years, he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office, remarking that the country was a land of vexation, Ile-Ibinu, and that only a child born, trained, and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people.[14]

The Legacy of Oduduwa and the Oba Dynasty

The country was afterward known by this name. He caused his son, born to him by Ẹrinmwide, to be made King in his place and returned to Benin land. After some years in Ife, he left for Benin, where he also left a son behind upon leaving, and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Oba of Benin of the present line, while Ọranmiyan himself was reigning as Ọọni of Ifẹ. Therefore, Ọranmiyan of Ife, the father of Ẹwẹka I, the Ọba of Benin, was also the father of Ajaka, Alaafin of Ọyọ.[15] Ọọni of Ifẹ. Ọba Ẹwẹka later changed the name of the city of Ile-Binu, the capital of the Benin kingdom, to "Ubinu." This name would be reinterpreted by the Portuguese as "Benin" in their own language.

Around 1470, Ẹwuare changed the name of the state to Ẹdo.[16] This was about the time the people of Ọkpẹkpẹ migrated from Benin City. Alternatively, the Yoruba nation has a different conception of Oduduwa.[17] According to Yoruba tradition, because of his power and military might, he was able to defeat the enemies invading Benin and that is why the people of Benin made him the King or Ọba of Benin. In any case, it is agreed upon by both the Yoruba and the Edo that Oduduwa sent his son Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule Benin City and founded the Oba dynasty in Benin City.[18][19] Benin imperialism was started in the last decade of the thirteen century by Oba Ewedo.[20]

European contact and colonization

[edit]

The Portuguese Encounter and the Rise of Benin

In approximately 1485, Portuguese explorers visited Benin City, marking the beginning of Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] contact with the kingdom. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Benin flourished economically due to its strategic position in the transatlantic trade network, exchanging goods such as pepper and ivory with European nations.

Diplomatic Relations with Portugal

In the early 16th century, the Ọba of Benin sent an ambassador to Lisbon, while the King of Portugal reciprocated by dispatching Christian missionaries to Benin. This exchange facilitated the introduction of European culture, technology, and ideas to the kingdom. Interestingly, some residents of Benin City could still converse in a pidgin Portuguese dialect in the late 19th century, and many Portuguese loan words continue to be used in the local languages.

A Portuguese Captain's Account of Benin City

In 1691, a Portuguese captain provided a vivid description of Benin City, highlighting its impressive architecture, wealth, and governance:

"Great Benin, where the king resides, is larger than Lisbon; all the streets run straight and as far as the eye can see. The houses are large, especially that of the king, which is richly decorated and has fine columns. The city is wealthy and industrious. It is so well governed that theft is unknown and the people live in such security that they have no doors to their houses."[21][22]

Drawing of Benin City made by a British officer, 1897

The British Conquest and its Aftermath

On 17 February 1897, Benin City fell to the British[8] during the "Punitive Expedition", a military campaign led by Admiral Sir Harry Rawson. The British force captured, sacked, and burnt the city, following the ambush and killing of a British delegation led by Acting Consul General James Robert Phillips.[23][24] Alan Boisragon, one of the survivors of the Benin Massacre, included references of the practice of human sacrifice in the city in a firsthand account written in 1898 (one year after the Punitive Expedition).[25] Historian James D. Graham notes that although "there is little doubt that human sacrifices were an integral part of the Benin state religion from very early days," first-hand accounts regarding such acts often varied significantly, with some reporting them and others making no mention of them.[26] The expedition resulted in the looting of the Benin Bronzes, a collection of intricate brass plaques and sculptures that adorned the palace walls.[27][8]

The Benin Bronzes and the Legacy of Colonialism

The Benin Bronzes were subsequently auctioned off to compensate for the expenses incurred during the capture and occupation of the city. Today, these artifacts are scattered throughout western museums, with many calling for their repatriation to Nigeria. The most iconic of these artifacts is the Queen Idia mask, which was used as a mascot during the Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) held in Nigeria in 1977.[28]

The British colonization of Benin paved the way for the merging of regional British incorporations of African kingdoms into the Niger Coast Protectorate, the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, and finally, into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Although the British permitted the restoration of the Benin monarchy in 1914, true political power remained with the colonial administration of Nigeria.[29]

Nigerian independence

[edit]

Post-Colonial Era and Administrative Reforms

Following Nigeria's attainment of independence from British colonial rule in 1960,[30] Benin City emerged as the capital of the Mid-Western Region, subsequent to the region's separation from the Western Region in June 1963. This administrative reconfiguration aimed to promote regional autonomy and more effective governance.

Renaming and Restructuring of Administrative Regions

In 1976, the Mid-Western Region underwent a nomenclatural transformation, being renamed Bendel State, Benin City retained its status as the regional capital, serving as the administrative epicentre of the state. This designation persisted until 1991, when Bendel State was bifurcated into two distinct entities: Delta State and Edo State. Consequently, Benin City became the state capital of Edo State, assuming a pivotal role in the governance and development of the newly formed state.[31]

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]

Benin City has a borderline tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) bordering upon a tropical monsoon climate (Am). The weather is hot and humid year-round, and generally very dull, especially between July and September.

Climate data for Benin City (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–1965, 1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 40
(104) 		43
(109) 		42
(108) 		48
(118) 		39.5
(103.1) 		39.5
(103.1) 		35
(95) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35
(95) 		34.5
(94.1) 		36
(97) 		37.0
(98.6) 		48.0
(118.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.6
(92.5) 		34.9
(94.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.0
(89.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 28.8
(83.8) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.0
(82.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.6
(74.5)
Record low °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		11.0
(51.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.4
(0.76) 		55.7
(2.19) 		126.2
(4.97) 		192.5
(7.58) 		238.9
(9.41) 		300.6
(11.83) 		336.5
(13.25) 		304.1
(11.97) 		352.4
(13.87) 		266.5
(10.49) 		100.5
(3.96) 		24.2
(0.95) 		2,317.5
(91.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.2 3.7 7.7 10.5 12.2 15.6 18.7 17.7 18.2 16.3 7.0 2.2 131.0
Average relative humidity (%) 75.0 80.4 86.9 89.8 90.9 91.7 91.4 90.6 91.6 91.1 86.5 77.9 87.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.8 178.0 173.6 177.0 176.7 144.0 99.2 89.9 81.0 148.8 192.0 213.9 1,853.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.8 6.3 5.6 5.9 5.7 4.8 3.2 2.9 2.7 4.8 6.4 6.9 5.1
Source 1: NOAA[32]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun 1951–1965)[33]

Education

[edit]

Benin City is home to some of Nigeria's institutions of higher learning, namely, the University of Benin located at Ugbowo and Ekenwan,[34] Ambrose Alli University located at Ekpoma,[35] College of Education Ekiadolor,[36] Igbinedion University,[37] Benson Idahosa University,[38] Wellspring University,[39] Edo State Polytechnic located in Usen (formerly known as Edo State Institute of Technology and Management Usen),[40] Edo State University, Uzairue.[41][42] and Auchi Polytechnic located in Auchi, Edo State.

Secondary schools in Benin include Edo College,[43] Edo Boys High School (Adolo College), Western Boys High School, Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Greater Tomorrow Secondary School, Imaguero College, Oredo Girls Secondary School, Garrick Memorial Secondary School, Winrose Secondary School, Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Anglican Grammar School, Edokpolor Grammar School, Covenant Christian Academy, Niger College, Presentation National High School, Gaius Obaseki International High School, Immaculate Conception College (ICC), Uselu Secondary School, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School (UDSS), University Preparatory Secondary School, Auntie Maria School, Benin Technical College,[44] Word of Faith Group of Schools, Lydia Group of Schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre, Igbinedion Educational Center,[45] Federal Government Girls College, Benin City.[46]

Environmental issues

[edit]

Climate change

[edit]
Further information: Climate change in Nigeria

Scientists have already demonstrated the effects of climate change, with increases in temperature, humidity and precipitation trends between 1981 and 2015.[47]

Flood management

[edit]

Benin city experiences regular flooding.[48] Studies have consistently highlighted the problem since at least 1993.[49] Experts have recommended a number of ways to improve flood management, including better controls on land use, construction and development,[49] improved Community-based programs designed to improve city adaptation and disaster management,[48] and improvements in individual preparedness.[50]

In June 2020, a significant number of communities and individuals were left homeless because of city flooding.[51] At the time, residents and the city blamed poor storm drains and a failure to continue flood adaptation programs.[51]

Urban heating

[edit]

The city, on average is .5 degrees Celsius warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and these temperature differences are greater during the working weeks.[citation needed]

Waste management

[edit]

A 2021 study published in Nature, highlighted that the city has not met the standards for waste management set by the Edo State Waste Management Board. After surveying 2720 inhabitants of the city, the authors found that most people in the city did not understand proper waste management practices.[52] Moreover, the study found that survey participants did not understand how waste management was connected to other issues like greenhouse gas emissions.[52] An additional study found that most residents did not understand the health impacts of bad waste management.[citation needed]

Culture

[edit]

Attractions in the city includes the National Museum, the Oba Palace, Igun Street (Famous for bronze casting and other metal works). Other attractions include various festivals and the Benin Moats (measuring about 20 to 40 ft), the King's Square (known as Ring Road)[53] and the city's traditional markets.

The Binis are known for bronze sculpture, their casting skills, and their arts and craft. Benin City is also the home of one of the oldest ongoing monarchies in the world. Various festivals are held in Benin City yearly to celebrate various historic occasions and seasons.

Festivals

[edit]

Benin City has a popular festival called the Igue festival. The festival is an annual event held in the city to usher in the new year. The festival is an integral part of the culture of the people in Benin City (formerly referred to as Benin Kingdom or the Kingdom of Benin). The festival is believed to renew Oba Ewuare's magical powers and it celebration comes between Christmas and New Year celebrations.[54] The festival includes the Oba's blessing of the land and his people.[55][56][57][58]

Aside the cultural festival, the city also plays host to the Benin City Film Festival. The festival creates room for the promotion of works produced by local film community. It also promote content of emerging national and international filmmakers, showcasing their works in an environment where they have access to experienced industry professionals.[59][60]

Tradition

[edit]
  • Vadoo day: it happens on every 10 January and it is viewed by the people of Benin.[ambiguous]
  • Quintessence Film Festival
  • Gelede Festival
  • Waba Festival
  • International Festival of the Dahomean Culture.[61]

Bini market days

[edit]

The "Bini" people have four market days: Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado, and Eken.[62]

Transportation

[edit]

Benin Airport serves the city with five commercial airlines flying to it, including Green Africa Airways, United Nigeria Airlines, Aero Contractors, Arik Air, and Air Peace

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]
Suleiman Braimoh
Modupe Ozolua

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "TelluBase—Nigeria Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Benin City | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  3. ^ "Benin City | History, Map, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 19 June 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  4. ^ Ver. Benin-City - Lagos Mainland. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  5. ^ "Benin City | History, Map, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  6. ^ "International Rubber Study Group - Nigeria". www.rubberstudy.com. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  7. ^ "Benin Bronzes". The British Museum. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Benin, City, Nigeria, Archived 25 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2005 Columbia University Press. Retrieved 18 February 2007
  9. ^ Dimeji Kayode-Adedeji. "benin-kingdom-edo-yoruba-territory-ooni-ife-adeyeye-ogunwusi". www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  10. ^ "Remapping the inter-twinned histories of Nigeria's ethnic nationalities". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  11. ^ "Edo People – Edo Nigeria Association of Western Australia". Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  12. ^ "The kingdom of Benin". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  13. ^ "Benin Obas". www.edoworld.net. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  14. ^ Pynith (21 March 2020). "the history of Benin city you need to know - LPV Forum". lpvforum.com. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  15. ^ "Benin City | Hometown.ng™". 24 November 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  16. ^ The Sun (Nigeria), Wednesday, 17 September 2008.
  17. ^ "Benin Kingdom in Edo is Yoruba territory -- Ooni of Ife, Adeyeye Ogunwusi | Premium Times Nigeria". 10 February 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  18. ^ "The Place Of Oranmiyan In The History Of Ile - Ife". Vanguard News. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  19. ^ "Benin City | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  20. ^ Toyin, Falola (2005). Akinwunmi, Ogundiran (ed.). Precolonial Nigeria (2005 ed.). African World Press Inc. pp. 264–265. ISBN 978-1592212194.
  21. ^ Koutonin, Mawuna (18 March 2016). "Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace". Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  22. ^ Elias, Taslim Olawale (1988). Africa and the development of international law (Second edition, first published 1972 ed.). Springer Netherlands. p. 12. ISBN 9789024737963. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  23. ^ Taub, Ben (10 April 2017). "The Desperate Journey of a Trafficked Girl". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. In 1897, after the Edo slaughtered a British delegation, colonial forces, pledging to end slavery and ritual sacrifice, ransacked the city and burned it to the ground.
  24. ^ Obinyan, Thomas Uwadiale (1988). "The Annexation of Benin". Journal of Black Studies. 19 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1177/002193478801900103. JSTOR 2784423. S2CID 142726955.
  25. ^ Boisragon, A. The Benin Massacre(1897).
  26. ^ Graham, James D. (1965). "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 5 (18): 317–334. doi:10.3406/cea.1965.3035. JSTOR 4390897.
  27. ^ "The kingdom of Benin". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  28. ^ Marshall, Alex (23 January 2020). "This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  29. ^ "Nigeria - The arrival of the British". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  30. ^ "Nigeria: Four Regions at the Time of Independence | AHA". www.historians.org. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  31. ^ "Bendel | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  32. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Benin City". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  33. ^ "Klimatafel von Benin City / Nigeria" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  34. ^ "University of Benin on The Conversation". theconversation.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  35. ^ "Ambrose Alli University | TOP ranked University | University Directory". www.university-directory.eu. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  36. ^ "College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin coeeki| School Fees, Courses & Admission info". universitycompass.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  37. ^ "16 students bag first class at Igbinedion University 18th convocation". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 29 November 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  38. ^ "NUC approves new courses for BIU". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  39. ^ "Wellspring University | School Fees, Courses & Admission info". universitycompass.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  40. ^ "Edo State Polytechic – Excellence and Innovation". Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  41. ^ "Edo University, Iyamho". Times Higher Education (THE). 13 November 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  42. ^ "Edo State University Uzairue Archives". Vanguard News. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  43. ^ "Edo College Old Boys' Association - Home". ecoba.org.ng. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  44. ^ "Benin Technical College nears completion ahead of school resumption". Nigerian Observer. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  45. ^ "Igbinedion Education Centre in". www.edusko.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  46. ^ "FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GIRLS COLLEGE BENIN's Official Website". fggcbenin.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  47. ^ Floyd, A. C.; Oikpor, R.; Ekene, B. (2016). "An Assessment of Climate Change in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria". FUTY Journal of the Environment. 10 (1): 87–94. doi:10.4314/fje.v10i1 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 1597-8826. S2CID 211560255.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  48. ^ a b Butu, A. W.; Emeribe, C. N.; Ogbomida, E. T. (March 2019). "Effects of Seasonal Flooding in Benin City and the need for a Community-Based Adaptation Model in Disaster Management in Nigeria". Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology. 3 (1): 112–128. doi:10.36263/nijest.2019.01.0108 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 2616-0501. S2CID 202915758. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  49. ^ a b Odemerho, Francis O. (1 April 1993). "Flood control failures in a Third World City: Benin City, Nigeria — some environmental factors and policy issues". GeoJournal. 29 (4): 371–376. Bibcode:1993GeoJo..29..371O. doi:10.1007/BF00807539. ISSN 1572-9893. S2CID 153661811.
  50. ^ Ezemonye, Mary. N; Emeribe, Chukwudi. N (1 January 2014). "Flooding and Household Preparedness in Benin City, Nigeria". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p547.
  51. ^ a b "Flood ravages Benin City, renders many homeless". Vanguard News. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  52. ^ a b Adekola, P. O.; Iyalomhe, F. O.; Paczoski, A.; Abebe, S. T.; Pawłowska, B.; Bąk, M.; Cirella, G. T. (11 January 2021). "Public perception and awareness of waste management from Benin City". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 306. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79688-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7801630. PMID 33432016.
  53. ^ Trillo, Richard (2008), The Rough Guide to West Africa, Rough Guides, p. 2629, ISBN 978-1-84353-850-9
  54. ^ Ademola Iyi-eweka, Ph.D. "IGUE FESTIVAL". www.edo-nation.net. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  55. ^ "Igue Festival, Festivals And Carnivals In Edo State :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  56. ^ "Igue Festival – Visit Edo". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  57. ^ "History of Igue Festival in Benin-City". edofolks.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  58. ^ "Igue Festival | Hometown.ng™". 5 September 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  59. ^ "4th Benin City Film Festival: Call for Entries | LADIMA". ladima.africa. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  60. ^ "BENIN CITY FILM FESTIVAL | GivingWay". www.givingway.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  61. ^ "Benin Holidays and Festivals". www.iexplore.com. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  62. ^ "Significance Of Market Days '(edeki) In Traditional Or Customary Marriage Celebration". www.edoworld.net. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  63. ^ "Obaseki celebrates with Godwin Abbe at 70". Vanguard News. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  64. ^ Irene, Oseremen Felix (2000). Footpaths: a life of service : tribute to prof. Ambrose Folorunsho Alli : a compendium of achievements. Ibadan, Nigeria: National Association of Edo State Students. OCLC 53015677.
  65. ^ "Prof. Ambrose Folorunsho Alli". www.edoworld.net. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  66. ^ "Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo speak on what inspired him to join Edo State politics, as campaign kicks off". Businessday NG. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  67. ^ "How Late Chief Tony Anenih Became "Mr. Fix It"". Vanguard News. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  68. ^ Proballers. "Suleiman Braimoh, Basketball Player". Proballers. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  69. ^ "Politics and Legacies- Arch-Bishop John Enoyogiere Edokpolo and the verdict of history- a text presented at Edokpolo Grammar School Old Boys 50th Anniversary Ceremony- 4thDecember 2010 by Comrade Aiyamenkhue Edokpolo- SSA to the Gov of Edo State". Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  70. ^ Eisenhofer, Stefan (January 1995). "The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba". History in Africa. 22: 141–163. doi:10.2307/3171912. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171912. S2CID 161445279.
  71. ^ "Chief Anthony Enahoro obituary". The Guardian. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  72. ^ "Abel Guobadia". www.edoworld.net. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  73. ^ "Abel Guobadia, ex-INEC chairman dies at 78". Vanguard News. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  74. ^ Jegede, Dele (2000). "Idah, Ovia". Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t096585. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  75. ^ "Archbishop Idahosa told me about his death – Oyakhilome". Vanguard News. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  76. ^ "The hunt for Marianne is being led by Bonhams' Nigeria representative, Neil Coventry". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 22 September 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  77. ^ "My father's lifestyle affected my childhood —Felix Liberty's daughter". Vanguard News. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  78. ^ "Esama of Benin, Igbinedion, glows at 86". Punch Newspapers. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  79. ^ "Driver who caused death of Professor Festus Iyayi jailed seven years | Premium Times Nigeria". 23 February 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  80. ^ "Apostle Suleman Warns Buhari, Threatens Him With God Over IPOB Treatment". Sahara Reporters. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  81. ^ Nwachukwu, John Owen (13 June 2021). "You can't cheat nature - Apostle Suleman reacts to T.B Joshua's death". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  82. ^ "Godwin Obaseki Archives". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  83. ^ "Former Governor Samuel Ogbemudia is dead | Premium Times Nigeria". 10 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  84. ^ "Samuel Osaigbovo Ogbemudia (1932 - 2017)". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 24 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  85. ^ Igiekhume, Donatus (29 December 2023). "Edo assures support for creatives as Shallipopi arrives Benin for homecoming concert". Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  86. ^ "The Death That Brings Life: Stella Okosun Saving Lives Through Sonny Okosun Colon Cancer Foundation By Bayo Oluwasanmi". Sahara Reporters. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  87. ^ "Suyi Davies Okungbowa". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  88. ^ "UNIBEN to graduate 19, 472 students as 118 bag First Class". P.M. News. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  89. ^ "Business Service News | Guardian Newspaper". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  90. ^ Brady, Tara. "Demi Isaac Oviawe of Young Offenders: 'I naturally have a resting bitch face'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  91. ^ "Chris Oyakhilome". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  92. ^ "Modupe Ozolua". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  93. ^ "UNIBEN VC Laments Over Ravaging Gully Erosion". THISDAYLIVE. 4 December 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  94. ^ "Victor Uwaifo and I were street hawkers in Benin, says Igbinedion". Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics. 11 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benin City.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benin_City&oldid=1261123515"